Market Overview:

Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market was valued at USD 9.76 billion in 2022 and expected to grow at a CAGR of 9.7% during the forecast period. A two-wheeler hub motor, often referred to as an electric hub motor, is an electric motor integrated into the wheel hub of a two-wheeled vehicle, such as an electric bicycle (e-bike), electric scooter, or electric motorcycle. This motor configuration offers several advantages and is commonly used in electric two-wheelers. Here's an overview of two-wheeler hub motors.

Components of a Two-Wheeler Hub Motor:

Electric Motor: The core component is the electric motor, which is usually a brushless direct current (BLDC) or a brushless alternating current (BLAC) motor. These motors are highly efficient, reliable, and provide good power-to-weight ratios.

Stator: The stator is the stationary part of the motor, typically attached to the frame or fork of the two-wheeler. It contains coils of wire and generates a magnetic field.

Report Scope:

Rotor: The rotor is the rotating part of the motor, integrated into the wheel hub. It is connected to the wheel's axle and spins within the stator's magnetic field, producing mechanical power.

Power Electronics: To control the speed and power output of the motor, power electronics components like controllers and inverters are integrated into the system. These components convert the direct current (DC) power from the battery into alternating current (AC) for the motor.

Battery Pack: An electric two-wheeler relies on a battery pack to supply electrical energy to the hub motor. The battery pack's voltage and capacity determine the vehicle's range and performance.

Wiring and Connectors: Wires and connectors link the various components, ensuring proper communication and power transmission between the battery, motor, and control electronics.

Advantages of Two-Wheeler Hub Motors:

Simplified Design: Hub motors eliminate the need for a chain, belt, or gear transmission system, simplifying the overall design of the two-wheeler. This reduces maintenance requirements and the risk of component wear and tear.

Efficiency: Hub motors are highly efficient because they provide direct drive to the wheel, minimizing energy losses associated with mechanical transmissions. This efficiency contributes to longer battery life and extended range.

Compact and Lightweight: Hub motors are compact and lightweight, making them ideal for electric two-wheelers where space and weight considerations are crucial.

Silent Operation: Electric hub motors operate silently, which enhances the riding experience compared to internal combustion engines, which produce noise and vibration.

Regenerative Braking: Many hub motors offer regenerative braking capabilities, converting kinetic energy back into electrical energy and feeding it back to the battery, improving overall energy efficiency.

Low Maintenance: With fewer moving parts and no chain or gears to lubricate and maintain, hub motors require less maintenance than traditional internal combustion engines or chain-driven electric motors.

Torque at Low Speeds: Hub motors provide strong torque even at low speeds, making them well-suited for urban and stop-and-go traffic conditions.

Customization: Hub motors can be designed and configured to fit various wheel sizes and power requirements, allowing manufacturers to offer a range of electric two-wheeler models.

Applications: Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market are commonly found in electric bicycles, e-scooters, electric motorcycles, and other light electric vehicles. They offer a practical and efficient means of electrifying these vehicles, contributing to the growing popularity of electric mobility and sustainable transportation solutions.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic had various impacts on the two-wheeler hub motor market, with effects ranging from disruptions in the supply chain to changes in consumer behavior and market dynamics. Here are some key ways in which the pandemic influenced this market:

Supply Chain Disruptions: The pandemic disrupted global supply chains, affecting the availability of critical components and materials required for the manufacturing of two-wheeler hub motors. This led to delays in production and delivery.

Manufacturing Slowdown: Lockdowns, restrictions, and safety measures resulted in manufacturing slowdowns and temporary closures of factories, impacting the production of electric two-wheelers and their components, including hub motors.

Reduced Consumer Spending: Economic uncertainties during the pandemic led to reduced consumer spending, which affected the sales of electric two-wheelers, including those equipped with hub motors. Consumers postponed discretionary purchases due to financial concerns.

Shift in Transportation Preferences: The pandemic led to a shift in transportation preferences, with some consumers opting for personal electric vehicles, including electric bicycles and scooters, as a means of avoiding crowded public transportation and minimizing exposure to the virus. This shift created opportunities for the two wheeler hub motor market.

E-commerce and Last-Mile Delivery: The demand for e-commerce and last-mile delivery services surged during the pandemic. Electric scooters and bicycles with hub motors became popular choices for delivery personnel, contributing to increased demand in this segment.

Regulatory Changes:  In some regions, the pandemic prompted regulatory changes to promote electric mobility and reduce emissions. This resulted in incentives and subsidies for electric two-wheelers, potentially boosting the market for hub motor-equipped vehicles.

Accelerated E-mobility Trends: The pandemic accelerated the adoption of electric mobility solutions, including electric bicycles and scooters. This trend positively impacted the two-wheeler hub motor market, as electric mobility gained momentum.

Digitalization and Remote Services: The pandemic emphasized the importance of digitalization and remote services. Some manufacturers and retailers adopted online sales channels and remote diagnostics and servicing for electric two-wheelers equipped with hub motors.

9. Long-Term Prospects: Despite short-term disruptions, the long-term prospects for the two-wheeler hub motor market remain positive. As economies recover and interest in sustainable transportation options grows, the demand for electric two-wheelers is expected to rebound.

In summary, the COVID-19 pandemic had both challenges and opportunities for the two-wheeler hub motor market. While disruptions in the supply chain and manufacturing slowdowns initially impacted the industry, changing consumer preferences and a growing emphasis on electric mobility have created potential for future growth in the market. As governments and industries focus on sustainable transportation solutions, the demand for electric two-wheelers equipped with hub motors is likely to continue to rise.

Market Dynamics:

Drivers:

The two wheeler hub motor market is influenced by several driving factors that contribute to its growth and adoption across various regions. These factors are reflective of the broader trends in the electric mobility and transportation sectors. Here are the key driving factors of the two-wheeler hub motor market:

Growing Demand for Electric Two-Wheelers: The global shift toward electric mobility, driven by environmental concerns, government incentives, and the desire for energy-efficient transportation, is a major driver for the two-wheeler hub motor market. Electric bicycles, scooters, and motorcycles equipped with hub motors are seen as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles.

Environmental Sustainability: Increasing awareness of environmental issues, including air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, has led to a rising demand for electric two-wheelers. Hub motors, being efficient and emission-free, align with sustainability goals and regulations.

Urbanization and Traffic Congestion: Rapid urbanization and the resulting traffic congestion in many cities have boosted the demand for compact and agile electric two-wheelers. Hub motor-equipped vehicles offer convenient and efficient solutions for urban commuting.

Government Incentives and Regulations: Governments in many countries offer incentives, subsidies, and tax benefits to promote the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), including electric two-wheelers. Regulatory measures aimed at reducing emissions and encouraging electric mobility further drive market growth.

Advancements in Hub Motor Technology: Continuous advancements in hub motor technology have led to motors that are more efficient, lightweight, and powerful. These improvements have enhanced the performance and appeal of electric two-wheelers.

Reduced Operating Costs: Electric two-wheelers equipped with hub motors have lower operating costs compared to gasoline-powered counterparts. They require less maintenance, and the cost of electricity is often significantly lower than gasoline or diesel fuel.

Last-Mile Delivery Services: The rise of e-commerce and the increased demand for last-mile delivery services have driven the adoption of electric scooters and bicycles by delivery companies. Hub motors provide efficient and cost-effective solutions for delivery personnel.

Consumer Preference for Personal Mobility: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the preference for personal mobility solutions over public transportation. Many consumers are turning to electric two-wheelers as a means of safe and individualized commuting.

Technological Integration: Integration of smart technologies, such as smartphone connectivity, GPS navigation, and app-based features, enhances the appeal of electric two-wheelers equipped with hub motors, attracting tech-savvy consumers.

Range and Battery Technology: Advances in battery technology, including increased energy density and faster charging capabilities, have extended the range and usability of electric two-wheelers, making them more attractive to consumers.

Infrastructure Development: Expansion of charging infrastructure, including charging stations and battery swapping stations, is making electric two-wheelers more practical for daily use, reducing range anxiety.

Ride-Sharing and Micro-Mobility Services: The rise of ride-sharing platforms and micro-mobility services has created new opportunities for electric two-wheelers in urban transportation, contributing to market growth.

Emerging Markets: Emerging economies with a growing middle class and increasing urbanization are becoming key markets for electric two-wheelers equipped with hub motors, as they offer cost-effective transportation solutions.

Restraints:

High Initial Cost: Electric two-wheelers equipped with hub motors are often more expensive upfront compared to their gasoline-powered counterparts. The initial cost can be a barrier to entry for cost-conscious consumers, especially in emerging markets.

Limited Range: Range anxiety remains a concern for some potential buyers. While battery technology is improving, electric two-wheelers may still have limited range compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, which can deter long-distance riders.

Charging Infrastructure: The availability and accessibility of charging infrastructure can be a limiting factor, especially in regions with inadequate charging station networks. Range extension and convenient charging solutions are needed to address this challenge.

Battery Life and Degradation: Battery life and degradation over time can impact the resale value and long-term cost-effectiveness of electric two-wheelers. Consumers may be concerned about the replacement cost of batteries.

Lack of Standardization: The lack of standardized charging connectors and protocols can create confusion and inconvenience for users, particularly in markets with multiple electric two-wheeler brands and models.

Weight: Hub motors, especially those with higher power outputs, can add weight to the vehicle, affecting handling and overall performance. Balancing weight distribution is a design challenge for manufacturers.

Limited Model Variety: The variety of electric two-wheeler models equipped with hub motors may be limited compared to traditional gasoline-powered models. Consumers may have fewer options in terms of styles and sizes.

Regulatory and Licensing Issues: Some regions may have regulatory barriers or licensing requirements that affect the operation of electric two-wheelers. Clear and consistent regulations are needed to support market growth.

Charging Time: Charging electric two-wheelers can take longer than refueling with gasoline, especially when using standard household outlets. Fast-charging infrastructure can mitigate this concern but may not be universally available.

Market Maturity: In certain markets, the electric two-wheeler segment, including hub motor-equipped vehicles, is still developing. Market maturity, competition, and consumer awareness can influence adoption rates.

Consumer Perception: Some consumers may still perceive electric two-wheelers as less powerful or less reliable than their gasoline counterparts. Educating consumers about the benefits of electric mobility is important.

Infrastructure Integration: Integrating electric two-wheelers into urban transportation systems, including parking and traffic management, can pose challenges, particularly in densely populated cities.

Weather and Climate Factors: Extreme weather conditions, such as heavy rain, snow, and extreme heat, can impact the performance and range of electric two-wheelers, affecting their practicality in certain regions.

Resale Value: Concerns about the resale value of electric two-wheelers and the potential for rapid depreciation can deter some buyers.

Despite these restraining factors, the growth of the electric two-wheeler market, including hub motor-equipped vehicles, is expected to continue as technology advances, infrastructure improves, and consumer preferences shift toward more sustainable transportation options. Manufacturers and policymakers are actively working to address these challenges and promote the adoption of electric mobility solutions.

Regional Analysis:

Asia-Pacific:

China: China is a significant hub for the production and consumption of electric two-wheelers with hub motors. It has a robust electric bicycle and e-scooter market, driven by environmental concerns and government incentives to promote electric mobility.

India: India is one of the world's largest two-wheeler markets, and it is increasingly adopting electric two-wheelers equipped with hub motors. Government initiatives, urbanization, and rising pollution levels are driving growth in this segment.

Europe:

Western Europe: Countries like Germany, the Netherlands, and France have seen the adoption of electric bicycles and e-scooters with hub motors. Developed cycling infrastructure, environmental consciousness, and government support contribute to market growth.

Eastern Europe: Emerging markets in Eastern Europe are also witnessing the growth of electric two-wheelers, especially in urban areas. Economic development and changing consumer preferences are driving this trend.

North America:

United States and Canada: The electric bicycle and e-scooter market is growing in North America, driven by a combination of environmental concerns, urbanization, and the desire for sustainable transportation. Market expansion is supported by government incentives in some regions.

Latin America:

Brazil: Brazil is experiencing a gradual increase in the adoption of electric two-wheelers, primarily electric bicycles and e-scooters. Concerns about air quality, fuel costs, and traffic congestion contribute to market growth.

Middle East and Africa (MEA):

Israel: Israel is an emerging market for electric two-wheelers, primarily electric scooters. The government is promoting electric mobility through incentives, and urban areas are seeing increased adoption.

Southeast Asia:

Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia: These countries have a long history of using motorized two-wheelers for commuting. The adoption of electric scooters with hub motors is gaining traction due to traffic congestion and pollution concerns.

Oceania:

Australia and New Zealand: These countries are witnessing growth in the electric bicycle and e-scooter market, particularly in urban centers. Factors such as environmental awareness and the need for efficient urban transportation contribute to market expansion.

Market Maturation: Market maturity can vary within regions. For example, Western Europe has a more mature electric bicycle market compared to emerging markets in Eastern Europe.

Regulatory Environment: Government policies and regulations regarding electric mobility, emissions standards, safety standards, and incentives for electric two-wheelers vary by region and can significantly impact market dynamics.

Infrastructure Development: The presence and quality of charging infrastructure, as well as the availability of safe cycling lanes and urban infrastructure, influence the adoption of electric two-wheelers in different regions.

Economic Conditions: Economic factors, including income levels and consumer affordability, affect the rate of adoption of electric two-wheelers with hub motors.

Cultural Factors: Cultural preferences and traditions related to transportation can influence the choice between electric and conventional two-wheelers in different regions.

Competitive Landscape:

The global Two Wheeler Hub Motor market is highly competitive and fragmented with the presence of several players. These companies are constantly focusing on new product development, partnerships, collaborations, and mergers and acquisitions to maintain their market position and expand their geographical presence.

Some of the key players operating in the market are:

·         QS MOTOR

·         MAC SHANGHAI ELECTRIC MOTOR COMPANY LTD

·         TDCM

·         NTN Corporation

·         Heinzmann GmbH and Co. KG.

·         Robert Bosch GmbH

·         Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co. KG

·         Elaphe Propulsion Technologies Ltd.

·         Leaf Motor

·         EnerTrac Corporation

·         Others

Segments

By Vehicle Type

·         Electric Scooter/Moped

·         Electric Bike

·         Electric Motorcycle

·         Others

By Installation

·         Front Hub Motor

·         Rear Hub Motor

By Motor Outlook

·         Geared Hub Motor

·         Gearless Hub Motor

By Sales Channel

·         OEM

·         Aftermarket

By Power Output

·         Below 1 kW

·         (1-3) kW

·         Above 3 kW

By Geography

·         North America

o   U.S.

o   Canada

o   Mexico

·         Europe

o   U.K.

o   Germany

o   France

o   Italy

o   Spain

o   Russia

·         Asia-Pacific

o   Japan

o   China

o   India

o   Australia

o   South Korea

o   ASEAN

o   Rest of APAC

·         South America

o   Brazil

o   Argentina

o   Colombia

o   Rest of South America

·         MEA

o   South Africa

o   Saudi Arabia

o   UAE

o   Egypt

o   Rest of MEA

1.     Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Introduction and Market Overview

1.1. Objectives of the Study

1.2. Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Definition & Description

1.3. Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Scope and Market Estimation

1.3.1.   Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Overall Market Size, Revenue (US$ Mn), Market CAGR (%), Market forecast (2023 - 2032)

1.3.2.   Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Revenue Share (%) and Growth Rate (Y-o-Y) from 2019 - 2032

1.4. Market Segmentation

1.4.1.   Vehicle Type of Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market

1.4.2.   Installation of Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market

1.4.3.   Motor Outlook of Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market

1.4.4.   Sales Channel of Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market

1.4.5.   Power Output of Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market

1.4.6.   Region of Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market

2.     Executive Summary

2.1. Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Industry Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak

2.1.1.   Global COVID-19 Status Overview

2.1.2.   Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Industry Development

2.2. Market Dynamics

2.2.1.   Drivers

2.2.2.   Limitations

2.2.3.   Opportunities

2.2.4.   Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints

2.3. Pricing Trends Analysis & Average Selling Prices (ASPs)

2.4. Key Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansions, JVs, Funding / VCs, etc.

2.5. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

2.5.1.   Bargaining Power of Suppliers

2.5.2.   Bargaining Power of Buyers

2.5.3.   Threat of Substitutes

2.5.4.   Threat of New Entrants

2.5.5.   Competitive Rivalry

2.6. Value Chain / Ecosystem Analysis

2.7. PEST Analysis

2.8. Russia-Ukraine War Impacts Analysis

2.9. Economic Downturn Analysis

2.10.                 Market Investment Opportunity Analysis (Top Investment Pockets), By Segments & By Region

3.     Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Estimates & Historical Trend Analysis (2020 - 2022)

4.     Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Vehicle Type

4.1. Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Revenue (US$ Mn) Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type, 2022 to 2033

4.1.1.   Electric Scooter/Moped

4.1.2.   Electric Bike

4.1.3.   Electric Motorcycle

4.1.4.   Others

5.     Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Installation

5.1. Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Revenue (US$ Mn) Estimates and Forecasts, by Installation, 2022 to 2033

5.1.1.   Front Hub Motor

5.1.2.   Rear Hub Motor

6.     Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Motor Outlook

6.1. Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Revenue (US$ Mn) Estimates and Forecasts, by Motor Outlook, 2022 to 2033

6.1.1.   Geared Hub Motor

6.1.2.   Gearless Hub Motor

7.     Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Sales Channel

7.1. Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Revenue (US$ Mn) Estimates and Forecasts, by Sales Channel, 2022 to 2033

7.1.1.   OEM

7.1.2.   Aftermarket

8.     Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Power Output

8.1. Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Revenue (US$ Mn) Estimates and Forecasts, by Power Output, 2022 to 2033

8.1.1.   Below 1 kW

8.1.2.   (1-3) kW

8.1.3.   Above 3 kW

9.     Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Region

9.1. Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Revenue (US$ Mn) Estimates and Forecasts, by Region, 2022 to 2033

9.1.1.   North America

9.1.2.   Europe

9.1.3.   Asia Pacific

9.1.4.   Middle East & Africa

9.1.5.   South America

10.           North America Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

10.1.  North America Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Assessments & Key Findings

10.1.1.                      North America Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Introduction

10.1.2.                      North America Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Million) (2022 to 2033)

10.1.2.1.   By Vehicle Type

10.1.2.2.   By Installation

10.1.2.3.   By Motor Outlook

10.1.2.4.   By Sales Channel

10.1.2.5.   By Power Output

10.1.2.6.   By Country

10.1.2.6.1.        The U.S.

10.1.2.6.2.        Canada

10.1.2.6.3.        Mexico

11.           Europe Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

11.1.                 Europe Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Assessments & Key Findings

11.1.1.                      Europe Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Introduction

11.1.2.                      Europe Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Million) (2022 to 2033)

11.1.2.1.   By Vehicle Type

11.1.2.2.   By Installation

11.1.2.3.   By Motor Outlook

11.1.2.4.   By Sales Channel

11.1.2.5.   By Power Output

11.1.2.6.   By Country

11.1.2.6.1.        Germany

11.1.2.6.2.        U.K.

11.1.2.6.3.        France

11.1.2.6.4.        Italy

11.1.2.6.5.        Spain

11.1.2.6.6.        Russia

11.1.2.6.7.        Rest of Europe

12.           Asia Pacific Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

12.1.                 Asia Pacific Market Assessments & Key Findings

12.1.1.                      Asia Pacific Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Introduction

12.1.2.                      Asia Pacific Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Million) (2022 to 2033)

12.1.2.1.   By Vehicle Type

12.1.2.2.   By Installation

12.1.2.3.   By Motor Outlook

12.1.2.4.   By Sales Channel

12.1.2.5.   By Power Output

12.1.2.6.   By Country

12.1.2.6.1.        China

12.1.2.6.2.        Japan

12.1.2.6.3.        India

12.1.2.6.4.        Australia

12.1.2.6.5.        South Korea

12.1.2.6.6.        ASEAN

12.1.2.6.7.        Rest of Asia Pacific

13.           Middle East & Africa Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

13.1.                 Middle East & Africa Market Assessments & Key Findings

13.1.1.           Middle East & Africa Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Introduction

13.1.2.           Middle East & Africa Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Million) (2022 to 2033)

13.1.2.1.   By Vehicle Type

13.1.2.2.   By Installation

13.1.2.3.   By Motor Outlook

13.1.2.4.   By Sales Channel

13.1.2.5.   By Power Output

13.1.2.6.   By Country

13.1.2.6.1.           U.A.E.

13.1.2.6.2.           Saudi Arabia

13.1.2.6.3.           Egypt

13.1.2.6.4.           South Africa

13.1.2.6.5.           Rest of Middle East & Africa

14.           South America Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

14.1.                 South America Market Assessments & Key Findings

14.1.1.                      South America Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Introduction

14.1.2.                      South America Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Million) (2022 to 2033)

14.1.2.1.   By Vehicle Type

14.1.2.2.   By Installation

14.1.2.3.   By Motor Outlook

14.1.2.4.   By Sales Channel

14.1.2.5.   By Power Output

14.1.2.6.   By Country

14.1.2.6.1.        Brazil

14.1.2.6.2.        Argentina

14.1.2.6.3.        Colombia

14.1.2.6.4.        Rest of South America

15.           Competition Landscape

15.1.                 Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Competition Matrix & Benchmarking, by Leading Players / Innovators / Emerging Players / New Entrants

15.2.                 Global Two Wheeler Hub Motor Market Concentration & Company Market Shares (%) Analysis, 2022

16.           Company Profiles

16.1.  QS MOTOR

16.1.1.                      Company Overview & Key Stats

16.1.2.                      Financial Performance & KPIs

16.1.3.                      Product Portfolio

16.1.4.                      Business Strategy & Recent Developments

* Similar details would be provided for all the players mentioned below 

16.2.  MAC SHANGHAI ELECTRIC MOTOR COMPANY LTD

16.3.  TDCM

16.4.  NTN Corporation

16.5.  Heinzmann GmbH and Co. KG.

16.6.  Robert Bosch GmbH

16.7.  Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co. KG

16.8.  Elaphe Propulsion Technologies Ltd.

16.9.  Leaf Motor

16.10.            EnerTrac Corporation

16.11.            Others**

17.           Research Methodology

17.1.                 External Transportations / Databases

17.2.                 Internal Proprietary Database

17.3.                 Primary Research

17.4.                 Secondary Research

17.5.                 Assumptions

17.6.                 Limitations

17.7.                 Report FAQs

18.           Research Findings & Conclusion