report-image

Comic Book Market Size and Forecast (2025 - 2035), Global and Regional Growth, Trend, Share and Industry Analysis Report Coverage: By Product Type (Physical Comic, Digital Comic), By Genre (Science-Fiction, Manga, Superhero, Non-Fiction, Others) By Distribution Channel (Book Stores, Comic Stores, Online Stores, Others) By End User (Children, Adults) And Geography.

  • PUBLISHED ON
  • 2025-04-24
  • NO OF PAGES
  • 321
  • CATEGORY
  • Retails & Consumer

Comic Book Market Overview

The global comic book market continues to thrive, fueled by the enduring popularity of superheroes, manga, and digital comics. Valued at USD 17.7 billion in 2025, the industry is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.1% through 2035, driven by expanding readership, multimedia adaptations, and technological advancements.

Comic books have transformed into a powerful cultural force, captivating diverse audiences from young readers to adult collectors. The market offers an array of formats from traditional print comics and graphic novels to digital editions, webtoons, and manga with superhero comics and Japanese manga leading global market. Industry analysis reveals consistent growth, with projections indicating steady expansion in the coming years, fueled by surging worldwide demand and deepening ties to entertainment sectors like film, television, and gaming. A major growth catalyst is the cross-media success of iconic franchises. Marvel, DC, and blockbuster manga series like One Piece and Demon Slayer have transcended their original formats, spawning billion-dollar multimedia empires that continually draw new fans to their source material. The digital revolution is also reshaping the industry, as webtoons and mobile-friendly platforms attract younger, digitally-native audiences. Meanwhile, trends like collectible editions, nostalgia-driven content, and the rise of independent creators are further energizing the market. Notably, comics are gaining recognition beyond entertainment in education and therapy, where their visual storytelling power aids learning and emotional expression.

 

Comic Book Market Drivers and Opportunities

Cross-Media Integration and Franchise Expansion Expected to Drive Comic Book Market Growth Through Forecast Period

One of the most powerful driving forces of the global comic book market is the unhindered inclusion of comic book content in other mediums mainly movies, television shows, streaming services, and video games. Large franchises like Marvel and DC have made comic characters global icons based on cinematic universes and merchandise. This cross-medium success has generated strong interest in the original source material, resulting in the sales of new as well as vintage comic issues. Comics' synergy with movies has also built a strong feedback loop in which each format promotes the other. Viewers who consume a superhero movie are invariably likely to access related comic book series, collectibles, or graphic novels. In addition, streaming services are heavily investing in comic-inspired stories for animated as well as live-action productions, widening global coverage and broadening the base of readership. This convergence has attracted non-core comic readers and made comics an integral entertainment pillar in the mainstream. As franchises keep expanding across the globe in numbers, the comic book market reaps their benefits in terms of visibility, market size, as well as fan base, which are expected in the coming years to build momentum.

Global Popularity of Manga and Asian Content Fuels Market Expansion

Another key driver in the comic book industry is the huge and expanding worldwide popularity of manga and other Asian comic formats. Since long ago, Japanese manga has dominated the comic universe, with Naruto, One Piece, Attack on Titan, and Demon Slayer becoming blockbusters not just in Japan but in North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific as well. South Korean webtoons are fast gaining popularity, particularly among Gen Z consumers, due to smartphone-oriented formats and visually explosive narratives. What makes manga popular is its extensive genre coverage, emotionally charged narratives, and distinct visual aesthetics that engage people of all ages. Anime's association with manga adds to its popularity, for fans of the latter often encourage fans of the TV format to visit the manga version as well. Global licensing agreements, localized translations, and merchandizing tie-ins are serving as additional driving forces in terms of selling volumes of manga. This internationalization of Asian content has made the comic book market more diverse as well as fueled its growth, with estimates showing continuing growth

Rise of Indie and Creator-Led Comics Opens New Market Opportunities

Independent and creator-owned comics are experiencing explosive growth as an opportunity for revolutionizing the dynamics in the industry. Independent publishing channels such as Kickstarter, Patreon, and digital publishing tools place creators at the forefront, allowing them to forgo conventional publishing channels and publish directly for their fans. This allows creators to retain creative ownership as well as intellectual property rights, leading to the creation of new, diverse, and cutting-edge content. Independent comics typically address nooks in the market that established publishers may not be willing or perhaps even able to target, such as those focusing on LGBTQ+ stories, minorities, experimental storytelling, or underground art aesthetics. This breadth of content enriches the comic book universe and draws in readers craving inclusive as well as innovative content. Successful campaigns such as Saga, The Walking Dead, as well as Invincible are indicators of the market value that independent content is capable of offering. Greater support through crowdfunding and digital communities means the independent segment is poised for growth, providing high-value growth opportunities for both entrants as well as established creators venturing into the realm of publishing on their own terms.

Comic Book Market Scope

Report Attributes

Description

Market Size in 2025

USD 17.7 Billion

Market Forecast in 2035

USD 28.1 Billion

CAGR % 2025-2035

6.10%

Base Year

2024

Historic Data

2020-2024

Forecast Period

2025-2035

Report USP

 

Production, Consumption, company share, company heatmap, company production capacity, growth factors and more

Segments Covered

  • By Product Type                              
  • By Genre            
  • By Distribution Channel              
  • By End User

Regional Scope

  • North America
  • Europe
  • APAC
  • Latin America
  • Middle East and Africa

Country Scope

1)      U.S.

2)      Canada

3)      U.K.

4)      Germany

5)      France

6)      Italy

7)      Spain

8)      Benelux

9)      Nordic Countries

10)  Russia

11)  China

12)  India

13)  Japan

14)  South Korea

15)  Australia

16)  Indonesia

17)  Thailand

18)  Mexico

19)  Brazil

20)  Argentina

21)  Saudi Arabia

22)  UAE

23)  Egypt

24)  South Africa

25)  Nigeria

Comic Book Market Report Segmentation Analysis

The Global Comic Book Market Industry Analysis Is Segmented into By Product Type, By Genre, By Distribution Channel, By End User, And By Region.

The Physical Comic Segment Is Anticipated to Hold the Highest Share of the Global Comic Book Market

Based on product type, market is segmented into Digital Comic and Physical Comic. In 2025, Physical Comic being the dominating segment with 68.0%. Despite the rapid growth of digital media, physical comics retain their prominent place as collectors value them for their worth as collectibles, as collectors' fondness for nostalgia, as well as for the immediate tactile experience of reading them. Readers as well as collectors like printed versions for their picture quality, for their special covers, as well as for their long-term value as investments. Limited versions, signed copies, and special covers are additional key demand drivers in the physical segment.


The Science-Fiction Dominated the Market in 2025 And Is Predicted to Grow at The Highest CAGR Over the Forecast Period.

The market for comic books is segmented on the basis of genre as Science-Fiction, Manga, Superhero, Non-fiction, and Others, of which Science-Fiction is the leading segment in 2025. Science-fiction comics have had a broad and dedicated fan base because of their creative plot, futuristic settings, and depiction of innovative technology, space exploration, and parallel worlds. These stories connect highly with consumers seeking escapism, novelty, and new ways of thinking, making the genre a mainstay of the international comic universe. Blockbuster franchises like Star Wars, Judge Dredd, and The Transformers have contributed immensely toward expanding the sci-fi genre through rich worlds with multimedia extensions in comic content, movies, television shows, and merchandise. As the genre is versatile in nature, creators can mix action, philosophy, as well as social commentary, making it popular among younger generations as well as among adult consumers.

The Book Store Segment Is Predicted to Grow at The Highest CAGR Over the Forecast Period.

Based on channel of distribution, market is segmented into Book Stores, Comic Stores, Online Stores, and Others, with Book Stores leading the segment in terms of market share. Bookstores are among the major channels of distribution due to their spread across the country, established customer base, and capability of presenting diverse forms of comic book content ranging across graphic novels and manga forms, science-fiction prints, as well as superhero publications. These stores are visited both for occasional consumers as well as serious fans of the content, making it increasingly popular among the masses. Increasing availability of comic books in the literature sections of major retail chain outlets as well as independent bookstores has also contributed towards popularizing as well as legitimizing the format as literature.

The Children Segment Is Expected to Dominate the Market During the Forecast Period.

Based on end users, market is segmented as Children and Adults, out of which the Children segment is the major consumer base. Children's popularity for comic books is based on stimulating graphics, easy-to-follow stories, and likeable characters that promote initial reading habits as well as imagination. Titles based on superhero, fantasy adventures, as well as light-hearted narrative content, are especially popular among kids. Schools and parents are increasingly using comic books as an important resource in encouraging literacy, critical thinking, as well as imagination.

The following segments are part of an in-depth analysis of the global comic book market:

Market Segments

By Product Type

  • Physical Comic
  • Digital Comic

By Genre

  • Science-Fiction
  • Manga
  • Superhero
  • Non-fiction
  • Others

By Distribution Channel

  • Book Stores
  • Comic Stores
  • Online Stores
  • Others

By End User

  • Children
  • Adults

Comic Book Market Share Analysis By Region

Asia Pacific Is Projected to Hold the Largest Share of the Global Comic Book Market Over the Forecast Period.

In 2025, Asia Pacific region accounts for the largest share of 48.6% of overall market. It is primarily due to the massive popularity of manga in Japan, South Korea, as well as China. Japan, in particular, is the center for the global comic book culture, with manga heavily entrenched in its publishing as well as entertainment sector. It is reaping the benefits of the high level of maturity as well as vastness of the comic ecosystem of dedicated publishing houses, robust retail channels, as well as enormous domestic readership across multiple age groups. In addition, the infusion of comic content into anime, movies, as well as digital media has greatly enhanced visibility as well as demand. Advances in storyline, art forms as well as digital publishing enabled local creators in expanding their global footprint. Support for cultural exports by the government in South Korea as well as Japan is also encouraging international growth. Increased internet penetration is making digital as well as mobile reading apps increasingly popular in the region, driving market growth even faster. Market share in the Asia Pacific region is expected to lead internationally due to high cultural relevance, changes in consumer attitudes, as well as growing international demand for Asian content.

Moreover, North America is forecast to exhibit the maximum CAGR over the forecast period due to the comeback in superhero comics, growth in educational as well as overall retail space for graphic novels, accompanied by growing consumption of digital comics.

Comic Book Market Competition Landscape Analysis

Major companies in the industry are shifting their focus toward launching fresh superhero characters, helping them expand their customer base, increase revenue, and broaden their product range to appeal to new audiences.

Global Comic Book Market Recent Developments News:

In August 2022, Marvel has introduced a groundbreaking new superhero, Anna Ameyama, through its latest Infinity Comic series, T.E.S.T. Kitchen. Each issue features an exclusive recipe, blending superhero storytelling with culinary creativity. This innovative launch is part of Marvel’s strategy to venture into the food industry, further expanding its ‘Eat the Universe’ brand by merging comics with gastronomy.

In April 2022, The merger between Warner Bros. and Discovery has proven highly beneficial for DC Comics, providing access to expanded creative resources and strategic marketing insights. This collaboration has strengthened promotional campaigns for DC's comic books, driving growth and enhancing the brand's reach in the competitive entertainment landscape

The Global Comic Book Market is dominated by a few large companies, such as

·         Marvel Entertainment, LLC

·         Dark Horse Media, LLC

·         Image Comics

·         DC Entertainment

·         Archie Comics

·         IDW Media Holdings, Inc.

·         Akita Publishing Co., Ltd.

·         Futabasha Publishers Ltd.

·         Rebellion

·         DMG Entertainment

·         Others

1.      Global Comic Book Market Introduction and Market Overview

1.1.    Objectives of the Study

1.2.    Global Comic Book Market Scope and Market Estimation

1.2.1. Global Comic Book Overall Market Size (US$ Bn), Market CAGR (%), Market forecast (2025 - 2035)

1.2.2. Global Comic Book Market Revenue Share (%) and Growth Rate (Y-o-Y) from 2020 - 2035

1.3.    Market Segmentation

1.3.1. Product Type of Global Comic Book Market

1.3.2. Genre of Global Comic Book Market

1.3.3. Distribution Channel of Global Comic Book Market

1.3.4. End-user of Global Comic Book Market

1.3.5. Region of Global Comic Book Market

2.      Executive Summary

2.1.    Demand Side Trends

2.2.    Key Market Trends

2.3.    Market Demand (US$ Bn) Analysis 2020 – 2024 and Forecast, 2025 – 2035

2.4.    Demand and Opportunity Assessment

2.5.    Market Dynamics

2.5.1. Drivers

2.5.2. Limitations

2.5.3. Opportunities

2.5.4. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints

2.6.    Key Product/Brand Analysis

2.7.    Technological Advancements

2.8.    Key Developments

2.9.    Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

2.9.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers

2.9.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers

2.9.3. Threat of Substitutes

2.9.4. Threat of New Entrants

2.9.5. Competitive Rivalry

2.10.  PEST Analysis

2.10.1.   Political Factors

2.10.2.   Economic Factors

2.10.3.   Social Factors

2.10.4.   Technology Factors

2.11.  Insights on Cost-effectiveness of Comic Book

2.12.  Key Regulation

3.      Global Comic Book Market Estimates & Historical Trend Analysis (2020 - 2024)

4.      Global Comic Book Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Product Type

4.1.    Global Comic Book Market Revenue (US$ Bn) Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type, 2020 - 2035

4.1.1. Physical Comic

4.1.2. Digital Comic

5.      Global Comic Book Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Genre

5.1.    Global Comic Book Market Revenue (US$ Bn) Estimates and Forecasts, by Genre, 2020 - 2035

5.1.1. Science-Fiction

5.1.2. Manga

5.1.3. Superhero

5.1.4. Non-fiction

5.1.5. Others

6.      Global Comic Book Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Distribution Channel

6.1.    Global Comic Book Market Revenue (US$ Bn) Estimates and Forecasts, by Distribution Channel, 2020 - 2035

6.1.1. Book Stores

6.1.2. Comic Stores

6.1.3. Online Stores

6.1.4. Others

7.      Global Comic Book Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by End-user

7.1.    Global Comic Book Market Revenue (US$ Bn) Estimates and Forecasts, by End-user, 2020 - 2035

7.1.1. Children

7.1.2. Adults

8.      Global Comic Book Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Region

8.1.    Global Comic Book Market Revenue (US$ Bn) Estimates and Forecasts, by Region, 2020 - 2035

8.1.1. North America

8.1.2. Europe

8.1.3. Asia Pacific

8.1.4. Middle East & Africa

8.1.5. Latin America

9.      North America Comic Book Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

9.1.    North America Comic Book Market Assessments & Key Findings

9.1.1. North America Comic Book Market Introduction

9.1.2. North America Comic Book Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2020 - 2035)

9.1.2.1.   By Product Type

9.1.2.2.   By Genre

9.1.2.3.   By Distribution Channel

9.1.2.4.   By End-user

9.1.2.5.   By Country

9.1.2.5.1.     The U.S.

9.1.2.5.2.     Canada

9.1.2.5.3.     Mexico

10.  Western Europe Comic Book Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

10.1.  Western Europe Comic Book Market Assessments & Key Findings

10.1.1.   Western Europe Comic Book Market Introduction

10.1.2.   Western Europe Comic Book Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2020 - 2035)

10.1.2.1.    By Product Type

10.1.2.2.    By Genre

10.1.2.3.    By Distribution Channel

10.1.2.4.    By End-user

10.1.2.5.    By Country

10.1.2.5.1.  Germany

10.1.2.5.2.  Italy

10.1.2.5.3.  U.K.

10.1.2.5.4.  France

10.1.2.5.5.  Spain

10.1.2.5.6.  Benelux

10.1.2.5.7.  Nordics

10.1.2.5.8. Rest of W. Europe

11.  Eastern Europe Comic Book Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

11.1.  Eastern Europe Comic Book Market Assessments & Key Findings

11.1.1.   Eastern Europe Comic Book Market Introduction

11.1.2.   Eastern Europe Comic Book Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2020 - 2035)

11.1.2.1.    By Product Type

11.1.2.2.    By Genre

11.1.2.3.    By Distribution Channel

11.1.2.4.    By End-user

11.1.2.5.    By Country

11.1.2.5.1.  Russia

11.1.2.5.2.  Hungary

11.1.2.5.3.  Poland

11.1.2.5.4.  Balkan & Baltics

11.1.2.5.5. Rest of E. Europe

12.  Asia Pacific Comic Book Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

12.1.  Asia Pacific Market Assessments & Key Findings

12.1.1.   Asia Pacific Comic Book Market Introduction

12.1.2.   Asia Pacific Comic Book Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2020 - 2035)

12.1.2.1.    By Product Type

12.1.2.2.    By Genre

12.1.2.3.    By Distribution Channel

12.1.2.4.    By End-user

12.1.2.5.    By Country

12.1.2.5.1. China

12.1.2.5.2. Japan

12.1.2.5.3. India

12.1.2.5.4. Australia & New Zealand

12.1.2.5.5. South Korea

12.1.2.5.6. ASEAN

12.1.2.5.7. Rest of Asia Pacific

13.  Middle East & Africa Comic Book Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

13.1.  Middle East & Africa Market Assessments & Key Findings

13.1.1.   Middle East & Africa Comic Book Market Introduction

13.1.2.   Middle East & Africa Comic Book Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2020 - 2035)

13.1.2.1.    By Product Type

13.1.2.2.    By Genre

13.1.2.3.    By Distribution Channel

13.1.2.4.    By End-user

13.1.2.5.    By Country

13.1.2.5.1. UAE

13.1.2.5.2. Saudi Arabia

13.1.2.5.3. Turkey

13.1.2.5.4. South Africa

13.1.2.5.5. Rest of MEA

14.  Latin America Comic Book Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis

14.1.  Latin America Market Assessments & Key Findings

14.1.1.   Latin America Comic Book Market Introduction

14.1.2.   Latin America Comic Book Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2020 - 2035)

14.1.2.1.    By Product Type

14.1.2.2.    By Genre

14.1.2.3.    By Distribution Channel

14.1.2.4.    By End-user

14.1.2.5.    By Country

14.1.2.5.1. Brazil

14.1.2.5.2. Argentina

14.1.2.5.3. Colombia

14.1.2.5.4. Rest of LATAM

15.  Country Wise Market: Introduction

16.  Competition Landscape

16.1.  Global Comic Book Market Product Mapping

16.2.  Global Comic Book Market Concentration Analysis, by Leading Players / Innovators / Emerging Players / New Entrants

16.3.  Global Comic Book Market Tier Structure Analysis

16.4.  Global Comic Book Market Concentration & Company Market Shares (%) Analysis, 2024

17.  Company Profiles

17.1.                     Marvel Entertainment, LLC

17.1.1.   Company Overview & Key Stats

17.1.2.   Financial Performance & KPIs

17.1.3.   Product Portfolio

17.1.4.   SWOT Analysis

17.1.5.   Business Strategy & Recent Developments

* Similar details would be provided for all the players mentioned below 

17.2.      Dark Horse Media, LLC

17.3.      Image Comics

17.4.      DC Entertainment

17.5.      Archie Comics

17.6.      IDW Media Holdings, Inc.

17.7.      Akita Publishing Co., Ltd.

17.8.      Futabasha Publishers Ltd.

17.9.      Rebellion

17.10.  DMG Entertainment

17.11.  Others

18.  Research Methodology

18.1.  External Transportations / Databases

18.2.  Internal Proprietary Database

18.3.  Primary Research

18.4.  Secondary Research

18.5.  Assumptions

18.6.  Limitations

18.7.  Report FAQs

19.  Research Findings & Conclusion

Quality Assurance Process

  1. We Market Research’s Quality Assurance program strives to deliver superior value to our clients.

We Market Research senior executive is assigned to each consulting engagement and works closely with the project team to deliver as per the clients expectations.

Market Research Process




We Market Research monitors 3 important attributes during the QA process- Cost, Schedule & Quality. We believe them as a critical benchmark in achieving a project’s success.

To mitigate risks that can impact project success, we deploy the follow project delivery best practices:
  • Project kickoff meeting with client
  • Conduct frequent client communications
  • Form project steering committee
  • Assign a senior SR executive as QA Executive
  • Conduct internal editorial & quality reviews of project deliverables
  • Certify project staff in SR methodologies & standards
  • Monitor client satisfaction
  • Monitor realized value post-project

Case Study- Automotive Sector

One of the key manufacturers of automotive had plans to invest in electric utility vehicles. The electric cars and associated markets being a of evolving nature, the automotive client approached We Market Research for a detailed insight on the market forecasts. The client specifically asked for competitive analysis, regulatory framework, regional prospects studied under the influence of drivers, challenges, opportunities, and pricing in terms of revenue and sales (million units).

Solution

The overall study was executed in three stages, intending to help the client meet its objective of precisely understanding the entire market before deciding on an investment. At first, secondary research was conducted considering political, economic, social, and technological parameters to get a gist of the various aspects of the market. This stage of the study concluded with the derivation of drivers, opportunities, and challenges. It also laid substantial emphasis on understanding and collecting data not only on a global scale but also on the regional and country levels. Data Extraction through Primary Research

The second stage involved primary research in which several market players and automotive parts suppliers were contacted to study their viewpoint concerning the development of their market and production capacity, clientele, and product line. This stage concluded in a brief understanding of the competitive ecosystem and also glanced through the strategies and pricing of the companies profiled.

Market Estimates and Forecast

In the final stage of the study, market forecasts for the electric utility were derived using multiple market engineering approaches. This data helped the client to get an overview of the market and accelerate the process of investment.

Case Study- ICT Sector

Business process outsourcing, being one of the lucrative markets from both supply- and demand- side, has appealed to various companies. One of the prominent corporations based out of Japan approached us with their requirements regarding the scope of the procurement outsourcing market for around 50 countries. Additionally, the client also sought key players operating in the market and their revenue breakdown in terms of region and application.


Business Solution

An exhaustive market study was conducted based on primary and secondary research that involved factors such as labor costs in various countries, skilled and technical labors, manufacturing scenario, and their respective contributions in the global GDP. A comparative study of the market was conducted from both supply- and demand side, with the supply-side comprising of notable companies, such as GEP, Accenture, and others, that provide these services. On the other hand, large manufacturing companies from them demand-side were considered that opt for these services.


Conclusion

The report aided the client in understanding the market trends, including country-level business scenarios, consumer behavior, and trends in 50 countries. The report also provided financial insights of crucial players and detailed market estimations and forecasts till 2033.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the market size of Comic Book Market in 2025?

Comic Book Market was valued at USD 17.7 Billion in 2025.

What is the growth rate for the Comic Book Market?

Comic Book Market size will increase at approximate CAGR of 6.1% during the forecasted period.

Which are the top companies operating within the market?

Major companies operating within the market are Marvel Comics, DC Comics, Inc., Image Comics, IDW Publishing, Dark Horse Comics, Shogakukan, and others.

Which region dominates the Comic Book Market?

Asia Pacific dominates the market with an active share of 48.6%.

CHOOSE LICENSE TYPE
QLOUD
Pricing

Select a license type that suits your business needs

Single User Access

US $3499

Only Three Thousand Four Hundred Ninety Nine US dollar

  • 1 User access
  • 15% Additional Free Customization
  • Free Unlimited post-sale support
  • 100% Service Guarantee until achievement of ROI
Multi User Cost

US $4499

Only Four Thousand Four Hundred Ninety Nine US dollar

  • 5 Users access
  • 25% Additional Free Customization
  • Access Report summaries for Free
  • Guaranteed service
  • Dedicated Account Manager
  • Discount of 20% on next purchase
  • Get personalized market brief from Lead Author
  • Printing of Report permitted
  • Discount of 20% on next purchase
  • 100% Service Guarantee until achievement of ROI
Enterprise User Cost

US $5499

Only Five Thousand Four Hundred Ninety Nine US dollar

  • Unlimited User Access
  • 30% Additional Free Customization
  • Exclusive Previews to latest or upcoming reports
  • Discount of 30% on next purchase
  • 100% Service Guarantee until achievement of ROI